IOT
- Internet technology connecting devices,machines and tools to the internet by means of wireless technologies.
- Over 9 billion 'things' connected to the internet as of now
- Things connected to the internet are projected to cross 20 billion in the near future
- Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded systems,cloud computing,big-data,machine learning ,and networking
Definition
IOT is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or intaract with their internal states or the external environment.
characteristics
- Effficient,scalable and associated architecture
- Unambiguous naming and addressing
- Abundance of sleeping nodes,mobile and non-IP devices
- Internet connectivity
Modern day IOT application
- Smart parking
- Structural health
- Smartphone detection
- Traffic congestion
- Smart lighting
- waste management
- Smart roads
- Forest fire detection
- Air pollution
- Snow level monitoring
- water leakage
- Radiation levels
- Supply chain control
These are some of the modern day IOT application that widely used.
Baseline technologies
A number of technologies that are very closely related to IOT includes
- Machine-to-Machine(M2M)communications
- cyber-physicsl-systems(CPS)
- web-of-things(WoT)
IOT vs. M2M
- M2M refers to communication and interactions between machines and devices.
- Such interactions can occur via a cloud computing infrastructure(eg. Devices exchanging information through a cloud infrastructure)
- M2M offers the means for managing devices and devices interaction ,while also collecting machine and/or sensor data
- M2M is a term introduced by telecommunication services providers and plays emphasis on machines interactions via one or more telecom/communication networks(eg. 3G,4G,5G,satellite,public networks)
- M2M is part of the IOT ,while M2M standards have a prominent place in the IOT standards landscape.
- However,IOT has a broader range of interactions , including interactions between devices/things,things and people,things with applications and people with applications
- It also enables the composition of workflows comprising all of the above interactions
- IOT includes the notion of Internet connectivity but is not necessarily focused on the use of telecom networks
IOT vs. WOT
- From a developer's perspective, the WoT enables,control and access over IOT resources and applications using main stream web technologies.
- The approach to build wot is therefore based on RESTful principles and REST API's,which enable both developers and deployer's to benefit from the popularity and maturity of web technologies
- While IOT is about creating a network of objects,things,people,systems and applications.But WoT tries to integrate them to the web.
- Technically speaking,WoT can be thought as a flavour or option of an application layer added over the IOT's network layer.However,the scope of IOT applicatons is broader and includes systems that are not accessible through the web.
Connectivity terminologies
IOT LAN
- Local short range communication.
- May or May not connected to the internet
IOT WAN
- Connection of various network segments
- Organizationally and geographically wide
- Connects to the internet
IOT Node
- Connects to other nodes inside a LAN via the IOT LAN
- May be sometimes connected to the internet through a WAN diectly
IOT Gateway
- A router connecting the IOT LAN to a WAN to the internet.
- Can Implement several LAN and WAN
- Forward packets between LAN and WAN on the IP layer
IOT proxy
- Performs active application layer functions between IOT nodes and other entities.
Gateways
- IOT gateways with or without proxies responsible mainely for Internet connectivity and IOT LAN Intra-connectivity
- Upsream address prefixes are obtained using mechanisms like DHCPV6 and delegated to the nodes using SLAAC(stateless addressing)
- Due to the lack of a universal tranisition solution to IPV6 ,lots of un-optimized solutions are being used for IOT deployment.
Here is the some difference between IPv4 and IPv6
|
IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| Developed |
IETF 1974 |
IEF 1998 |
| Length(bits) |
32 |
128 |
| No. of addresses |
2^32 |
2^128 |
| Notation |
Dottted Decimal |
Hexadecimal |
| IPSec |
Optional |
Compulsory |