India is a country, divided in states and union territories, with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India, which defines the power distribution among the federal government and the states.
The President of India is the ceremonial head of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.[1]
However, it is the Prime Minister of India, who is the leader of the party or political alliance having a majority in the national elections to the Lok Sabha, that exercises most executive powers for matters that require countrywide affection under a federal system.
India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a Chief Minister who is the leader of the party or political alliance having won majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or his ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.
The President of India monitors the rule of law through his appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.
Election CommissionEdit
Election Commission is a federal body, enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.[2]
Election Commission ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation.
All election related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provision to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act in appropriate manner.
Types of ElectionsEdit
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for :
Members of the Parliament in Lok Sabha,
Members of State Legislative Assemblies, (and also Assembly elections to some of the Union Territories like Delhi),
Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha,
Members of State Legislative Councils,
Members in village panchayats or city corporation councils.
By-election is held when a person of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.
General Elections (Lok Sabha) Edit
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house). [3]
General Election results (Lok sabha)
1st Lok Sabha (1951–52)
2nd Lok Sabha (1957)
3rd Lok Sabha (1962)
4th Lok Sabha (1967)
5th Lok Sabha (1971)
6th Lok Sabha (1977)
7th Lok Sabha (1980)
8th Lok Sabha (1984)
9th Lok Sabha (1989)
10th Lok Sabha (1991)
11th Lok Sabha (1996)
12th Lok Sabha (1998)
13th Lok Sabha (1999)
14th Lok Sabha (2004)
15th Lok Sabha (2009)
16th Lok Sabha (2014)
17th Lok Sabha (2019)
History of Lok Sabha Elections Edit
Key
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Communist Party of India (CPI) Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) Indian National Congress (INC) Indian National Congress (Indira) INC(I) Janata Party (JP) Janata Party (Secular) JNP(S) Praja Socialist Party (PSP) Samajwadi Party (SP) Socialist Party (India) (SOC) Swatantra Party (SWA) Telugu Desam Party (TDP) YSR Congress Party (YSRCP)
LOK SABHA ELECTIONS
First Second Third
YearElectionTotal seatsPartySeats% votesPartySeats% votesPartySeats% votes
1951–52 [4][5][6]1st Lok Sabha489INC36445%CPI163.29%SOC1210.59%
1957[7]2nd Lok Sabha494INC37147.78%CPI278.92%PSP1910.41%
19623rd Lok Sabha494INC36144.72%CPI299.94%SWA187.89%
19674th Lok Sabha520INC28340.78%SWA448.67%BJS359.31%
19715th Lok Sabha518INC35243.68%CPM255.12%CPI234.73%
19776th Lok Sabha542JP29843.17%INC15334.52%CPM224.29%
19807th Lok Sabha529 ( 542* )INC(I)35142.69%JNP(S)419.39%CPM376.24%
19848th Lok Sabha514INC40449.10%TDP304.31%CPM225.87%
19899th Lok Sabha529INC19539.53%JD14217.79%BJP8911.36%
199110th Lok Sabha521INC24435.66%BJP12020.11%JD5911.84%
199611th Lok Sabha543BJP16120.29%INC14028.80%JD4623.45%
199812th Lok Sabha545BJP18225.59%INC14125.82%CPM325.16%
199913th Lok Sabha545BJP18223.75%INC11428.30%CPM335.40%
200414th Lok Sabha543INC14526.53%BJP13822.16%CPM435.66%
200915th Lok Sabha545INC20628.55%BJP11618.80%SP233.23%
201416th Lok Sabha545BJP28231.34%INC4419.52%AIADMK373.31%
201917th Lok Sabha543BJP30337.4%[8]INC5219.50%[9]DMK244.24%
12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.[10]
State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Elections Edit
Members of State Legislative Assembly, are elected directly by voting, from a set of candidates who stands in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assemblies elections are called 'Member of Legislative Assembly' (MLA) and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor. The house meets in the respective state, on matters relating to creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens living in that state.
Total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to Lok sabha elections, leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State.
State Assembly election results (Vidhan Sabha)
State/UT1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
AP1955
19571962
19671972
19781983
1985
19891994
19992004
20092014
2019
AR19781980
19841990
1995
19992004
20092014
2019
AS1952
19571962
19671972
19781983
19851991
19962001
20062011
2016
BR1952
19571962
1967
19691972
19771980
19851990
19952000
2005 (Feb)
2005 (Oct)2010
20152020
CG – – – – –2003
20082013
2018
DL1952 – – –1993
19982003
20082013
20152020
GA –19671972
19771980
1984
19891994
19992002
20072012
2017
GJ –1962
19671972
19751980
19851990
1995
19982002
20072012
2017
HR –1967
19681972
19771982
19871991
19962000
2005
20092014
2019
HP1952
19671972
19771985
1990
1993
19982003
20072012
2017
JK1951
19571962
19671972
19771983
198719962002
200820142021
JH – – – – –2005
20092014
KA1952
19571962
19671972
19781983
1985
19891994
19992004
20082013
2018
KL19571960
1965
19671970
19771980
1982
19871991
19962001
20062011
2016
MPBhopal 1952
MB 1952
MP 1952
VP 1952
195719671972
19771980
19851990
1993
19982003
20082013
2018
MH –1962
19671972
19781980
19851990
1995
19992004
20092014
2019
MN –19671972
19741980
19841990
19952000
2002
20072012
2017
ML – –1972
19781983
19881993
19982003
20082013
2018
MZ – –1972
1978
19791984
1987
19891993
19982003
20082013
2018
NL –1964
19691974
19771982
1987
19891993
19982003
20082013
2018
OD1952
19571961
19671971
1974
19771980
19851990
19952000
2004
20092014
2019
PB1952
19571962
1967
19691972
19771980
19851992
19972002
20072012
2017
PY –1964
19691974
19771980
19851990
1991
19962001
20062011
2016
RJ1952
19571962
19671972
19771980
19851990
1993
19982003
20132018
SK – –19791985
19891994
19992004
20092014
TN1952
19571962
19671971
19771980
1984
19891991
19962001
20062011
2016
TS – – – – – –2018
TR – – – – –2003
20082013
2018
UP1951
1952
19571962
1967
19691972
19771980
1985
19891991
1993
19962002
20072012
2017
UK – – – – –2002
20072012
2017
WB1952
19571962
1967
19691971
1972
19771982
19871991
19962001
20062011
2016
By-election Edit
As the name suggests, when an elected candidate to either the State Assembly, Rajya Sabha or Lok Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred in India as Bypolls.
Common reasons for by elections :
- Sitting MLA resigns once he gets elected as MP.
- Sitting MLA or MP died.
- But there are other reasons that occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one .)
Rajya Sabha (Upper House) ElectionsEdit
Main article: Rajya Sabha
The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens, but by the Members of Legislative Assemblies and up to 12 can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act.[11]
The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions.
The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.
The Constitution of India however places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.
Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it.
Electoral procedures Edit
Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day.
The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes his or her left index finger is marked with an indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.
Indelible inkEdit
Ink used in Indian elections
Ink bottle pledge
Research into an indelible ink was commenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the National Physical Laboratory of India. The ink used contains silver nitrate, which makes it photo-sensitive. It is stored in amber coloured plastic or brown coloured glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month depending upon the person's body temperature and the environment.
Electronic votingEdit
Main article: Electronic voting in India
Voting machine
BHAVIK (EVM) were first used in the 1997 election and became the only method of voting in 2004. The EVMs save time in reporting results. A voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) was introduced on 14 August 2014 in Nagaland.[12] In the 2014 general election, VVPAT was operational in 8 constituencies (Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram) as a pilot project.[13][14] A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.[15][16][17][18][19]
Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations on the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and general election in India since 2019.[20][21] On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India gave the judgement, ordering the Election Commission of India to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in 2019 General elections.[22][23][24] VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the 2019 general election, ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.[25]
NOTA Edit
Further information: None of the Above in Indian Elections
On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to a negative vote by exercising a "None of the above" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning from the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties from 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections.[26]
Absentee voting Edit
India does not provide general absentee voting.[27][28][29] On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.[30][31][32]
Postal voting Edit
Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of Election Commission of India, where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the Electronic Voting Machines. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the union armed forces and state police as well as their wives, and employees working for the Government of India who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in preventive detention, disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.[33][34][35]
