Incineration is one of the most practical waste handling techniques with high capability to reduce NPWs to harmless compounds [102]. MNP materials are burnt in an oxidative environment with extremely high temperatures (around 850°C–1200°C). Incineration could be used for disposal of several types of nanomaterial wastes: (1) consumer products in municipal solid waste, (2) wastes from nanotechnology research and development, (3) medical and infectious wastes, and (4) hazardous wastes.
The incineration procedure is as follows: MNP materials are burnt in an oxidative environment with extremely high temperatures (around 850°C–1200°C) and are mixed and placed in incineration plants with high temperatures. Flammable parts will burn, and other remains will deposit in the combustion chamber as slag or dust in the flue gas. Nowadays, several flue gas filters are introduced to reduce the volume of toxic material to a minimum [79]. Incinerators collect MNPs through such filters and accumulate them as fly/bottom ash, which is then sent to landfills for final disposal.
