The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):
1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device that could be programmed with punch cards. However, the machine was never built, but all modern computers rely on its logical structure.
1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and execute a set of instructions.
The era of stored program computers:
1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented, which was the first electronic general-purpose computer. After that stored program computer such as EDSAC in 1949 and EDVAC in 1951 were invented.
1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an electrical circuit. In 1950, the scientists started applying their idea to work and analyzed how human neurons might work.
Computer machinery and intelligence:
1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery and Intelligence," on the topic of artificial intelligence. In his paper, he asked, "Can machines think?"
Machine intelligence in Games:
1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning, created a program that helped an IBM computer to play a checkers game. It performed better more it played.
1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.
The first "AI" winter:
The duration of 1974 to 1980 was the tough time for AI and ML researchers, and this duration was called as AI winter.
In this duration, failure of machine translation occurred, and people had reduced their interest from AI, which led to reduced funding by the government to the researches.
Machine Learning from theory to reality
1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world problem to remove echoes over phone lines using an adaptive filter.
1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a neural network NETtalk, which was able to teach itself how to correctly pronounce 20,000 words in one week.
1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game against the chess expert Garry Kasparov, and it became the first computer which had beaten a human chess expert.
