#include iostream
#include vector
#include cstdlib
#include string
#include stdexcept

using namespace std;

template class T
class Stack { 
   private: 
      vectorT elems;     // elements 

   public: 
      void push(T const&);  // push element 
      void pop();               // pop element 
      T top() const;            // return top element 
      bool empty() const{       // return true if empty.
         return elems.empty(); 
      } 
}; 

template class T
void StackT::push (T const& elem) { 
   // append copy of passed element 
   elems.push_back(elem);    
} 

template class T
void StackT::pop () { 
   if (elems.empty()) { 
      throw out_of_range("Stack::pop(): empty stack"); 
   }
        
   // remove last element 
   elems.pop_back();         
} 

template class T
T StackT::top () const { 
   if (elems.empty()) { 
      throw out_of_range("Stack::top(): empty stack"); 
   }
        
   // return copy of last element 
   return elems.back();      
} 

int main() { 
   try { 
      Stackint         intStack;  // stack of ints 
      Stackstring stringStack;    // stack of strings 

      // manipulate int stack 
      intStack.push(16); 
      cout  intStack.top() endl; 

      // manipulate string stack 
      stringStack.push("codezclub"); 
      cout  stringStack.top()  std::endl; 
      stringStack.pop();  
   }catch (exception const& ex) { 
      cerr  "Exception: "  ex.what() endl; 
      return -1;
   } 
}

The output of code is: